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Huh. I am interested to see what Oxford says. M-W gives this as its first entry:
1 : a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain
So, the "often...ironic" part would suggest that irony is not a requirement for sarcasm, as I previously understood.
However, in general use, I've found the "often" to essentially mean "always". Who would consider such phrases as "Hey, screw you!" as sarcastic?
1 : a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain
So, the "often...ironic" part would suggest that irony is not a requirement for sarcasm, as I previously understood.
However, in general use, I've found the "often" to essentially mean "always". Who would consider such phrases as "Hey, screw you!" as sarcastic?
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Worm
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I have cut the pronunciations and greek as they use special images and are quite the pain. (Sidenote: Do Firehebe or Jewzilla ((Too much A.C. sorry)) on a copy, copy the HTML instead of the text?)
Defintions in bold and quotations are in darkblue and bold.
Sarcasm,
Also 6-7 in L. form sarcasmus. [ad. late L. sarcasm-us, a. late Gr. , f. to tear flesh, gnash the teeth, speak bitterly, f. -, flesh.]
A sharp, bitter, or cutting expression or remark; a bitter gibe or taunt. Now usually in generalized sense: Sarcastic language; sarcastic meaning or purpose.
(Marked Alpha for generalized sense) 1579 E. K. in Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Oct., Glosse, Tom piper, an ironicall Sarcasmus, spoken in derision of these rude wits, whych [etc.]. 1581 J. BELL Haddon's Answ. Osor. 324 With this skoffe doth he note them..by a certayne figure called Sarcasmus. 1605 J. DOVE Confut. Atheism 38 He called the other Gods so, by a figure called Ironia, or Sarcasmus. 1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. I. ii. IV. IV, Many are of so petulant a spleene, and haue that figure Sarcasmus so often in their mouths,..that [etc.]. 1661 FELTHAM Resolves II. l. 284 Either a Sarcasmus against the voluptuous; or else, 'tis a milder counsel.
(Marked Beta used in the "Sarcasm as an instance of sarcasm." sense, if that makes sense.) 1619 H. HUTTON Follie's Anat. (Percy Soc.) 10 Muse, shew the rigour of a satyres art, In harsh sarcasmes, dissonant and smart. 1690 C. NESSE Hist. & Myst. O. & N. Test. I. 234 No lye, but an irony..a witty way of speaking..such sarcasms Elijah used. 1725 BLACKWALL Introd. Class. (ed. 3) 179 When a dying or dead Person is insulted with Scoffs and ironical Tartness 'tis usually call'd a Sarcasm. 1814 SCOTT Ld. of Isles IV. xxviii, With many a sarcasm varied still On woman's wish, and woman's will! 1862 MRS. H. WOOD Channings I. ix. 133 He looked upon the remark as a bit of sarcasm. 1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt II. xxx. 227 Blows are sarcasms turned stupid. 1871 FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. 127 William's return was accompanied by a confiscation and distribution of laws on so wide a scale that it could be said with indignant sarcasm that he gave away the land of every man.
Sarcastic, a.
Also 7-8 -ick. [ad. Gr. type *, f. : see SARCASM and -IC. Cf. F. sarcastique.]
Characterized by or involving sarcasm; given to the use of sarcasm; bitterly cutting or caustic.
1695 J. EDWARDS Author. O. & N. Test. III. 380 Sarcastick speeches, gibes, taunts. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 177 11 Their merriment bluntly sarcastick. 1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair xi, Mrs. Firkin..flung up her head and said, ‘I think Miss is very clever,’ with the most killing sarcastic air. 1862 CALVERLEY Verses & Transl. (1894) 43 Poising evermore the eye-glass In the light sarcastic eye. 1879 FROUDE Cæsar xxii. 385 He had spoken his thoughts with sarcastic freedom.
Hence sarcasticness.
1903 Times 30 Sept. 10/5 His habitual sarcasticness.
irony, n.
In early use often in Lat. form ironia. [ad. L. rna (Cicero), a. Gr. ‘dissimulation, ignorance purposely affected’. Cf. F. ironie (yronie, Oresme, 14th c.).]
1. A figure of speech in which the intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed by the words used; usually taking the form of sarcasm or ridicule in which laudatory expressions are used to imply condemnation or contempt.
1502 [see 3]. 1533 MORE Debell. Salem v. Wks. 939/1 When he calleth one self noughty lad, both a shreud boy & a good sonne, the tone in ye proper simple spech, the tother by the fygure of ironye or antiphrasis. 1540 COVERDALE Confut. Standish Wks. (Parker Soc.) II. 333 Now is ironia as much to say as a mockage, derision. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie III. xviii. (Arb.) 199 By the figure Ironia, which we call the drye mock. 1617 MORYSON Itin. I. 160 Your quip..that you were ashamed to write to mee for your rude stile. Very good, I finde the Irony. 1620 MIDDLETON & ROWLEY World Tost at Tennis 124 By his needle he understands ironia, That with one eye looks two ways at once. 1788 F. BURNEY Diary 13 Feb., He believed Irony the ablest weapon of oratory. 1828 WHATELY Rhet. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 265/1 Aristotle mentions..Eironeia, which in his time was commonly employed to signify, not according to the modern use of ‘Irony, saying the contrary to what is meant’, but, what later writers usually express by Litotes, i.e. ‘saying less than is meant’. 1837 MACAULAY Ess., Bacon (1887) 428 A drayman, in a passion, calls out, ‘You are a pretty fellow’, without suspecting that he is uttering irony. 1876 J. WEISS Wit, Hum, & Shaks. ii. 44 It is irony when Lowell, speaking of Dante's intimacy with the Scriptures, adds, ‘They do even a scholar no harm’.
b. with an and pl. An instance of this; an ironical utterance or expression.
1551 GARDINER Sacram. 22 He spake it by an Ironie or skorne. 1612-15 BP. HALL Contempl., O.T. XIX. iii, Ironies deny strongest in affirming. 1656 E. REYNER Rules Govt. Tongue 227 An Irony is a nipping jeast, or a speech that hath the honey of pleasantnesse in its mouth, and a sting of rebuke in its taile. 1706-7 Reflex. upon Ridicule 221 Subtil and delicate Ironies. 1738 WARBURTON Div. Legat. I. Ded. 9 A thorough Irony addressed to some hot Bigots. 1894 W. J. DAWSON Making of Manhood 29 Smart sneers and barbed ironies at the expense of every movement which seeks to meliorate the common lot.
2. fig. A condition of affairs or events of a character opposite to what was, or might naturally be, expected; a contradictory outcome of events as if in mockery of the promise and fitness of things. (In F. ironie du sort.)
1649 G. DANIEL Trinarch., Hen. V, cxcviii, Yet here: (and 'tis the Ironie of Warre Where Arrowes forme the Argument,) he best Acquitts himselfe, who doth a Horse præfer To his proud Rider. 1833 THIRLWALL in Philol. Museum II. 483 (title) On the Irony of Sophocles. Ibid. 493 The contrast between man with his hopes, fears, wishes, and undertakings, and a dark, inflexible fate, affords abundant room for the exhibition of tragic irony. 1860 W. COLLINS Wom. White III. xi. 413 The irony of circumstances holds no mortal catastrophe in respect. 1878 MORLEY Carlyle 194 With no eye for..the irony of their fate. 1884 Nonconf. & Indep. Lit. Suppl. 6 Nov. 1/1 The irony of time is wonderful. 1894 T. HARDY (title) Life's Little Ironies.
3. In etymological sense: Dissimulation, pretence; esp. in reference to the dissimulation of ignorance practised by Socrates as a means of confuting an adversary (Socratic irony).
1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) IV. xxii. 293 To say of hym selfe ony thynge of his feblenesses & necessytes, or of his synnes..to the end that a man be renowmed & reputed humble abiect & grete thynge in merytes & deuocyons before god..such synne is named yronye, not that the whiche is of grammare, by the whiche a man sayth one & gyueth to understande the contrarye. 1655 STANLEY Hist. Philos. III. (1701) 76/1 The whole confirmation of the Cause, even the whole Life seems to carry an Irony, such was the Life of Socrates, who was for that reason called ; that is, one that personates an unlearned Man, and is an admirer of others as Wise. 1848 H. ROGERS Ess. I. vi. 318 The irony of Socrates..may be not unfittingly expressed by saying, that it is a logical masked battery. 1860 EMERSON Cond. Life, Considerat. Wks. (Bohn) II. 416 Like Socrates, with his famous irony; like Bacon, with life-long dissimulation.
Oops, FAR off-topic. I think this would work well in Ben's old language thread though.
Defintions in bold and quotations are in darkblue and bold.
Sarcasm,
Also 6-7 in L. form sarcasmus. [ad. late L. sarcasm-us, a. late Gr. , f. to tear flesh, gnash the teeth, speak bitterly, f. -, flesh.]
A sharp, bitter, or cutting expression or remark; a bitter gibe or taunt. Now usually in generalized sense: Sarcastic language; sarcastic meaning or purpose.
(Marked Alpha for generalized sense) 1579 E. K. in Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Oct., Glosse, Tom piper, an ironicall Sarcasmus, spoken in derision of these rude wits, whych [etc.]. 1581 J. BELL Haddon's Answ. Osor. 324 With this skoffe doth he note them..by a certayne figure called Sarcasmus. 1605 J. DOVE Confut. Atheism 38 He called the other Gods so, by a figure called Ironia, or Sarcasmus. 1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. I. ii. IV. IV, Many are of so petulant a spleene, and haue that figure Sarcasmus so often in their mouths,..that [etc.]. 1661 FELTHAM Resolves II. l. 284 Either a Sarcasmus against the voluptuous; or else, 'tis a milder counsel.
(Marked Beta used in the "Sarcasm as an instance of sarcasm." sense, if that makes sense.) 1619 H. HUTTON Follie's Anat. (Percy Soc.) 10 Muse, shew the rigour of a satyres art, In harsh sarcasmes, dissonant and smart. 1690 C. NESSE Hist. & Myst. O. & N. Test. I. 234 No lye, but an irony..a witty way of speaking..such sarcasms Elijah used. 1725 BLACKWALL Introd. Class. (ed. 3) 179 When a dying or dead Person is insulted with Scoffs and ironical Tartness 'tis usually call'd a Sarcasm. 1814 SCOTT Ld. of Isles IV. xxviii, With many a sarcasm varied still On woman's wish, and woman's will! 1862 MRS. H. WOOD Channings I. ix. 133 He looked upon the remark as a bit of sarcasm. 1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt II. xxx. 227 Blows are sarcasms turned stupid. 1871 FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. 127 William's return was accompanied by a confiscation and distribution of laws on so wide a scale that it could be said with indignant sarcasm that he gave away the land of every man.
Sarcastic, a.
Also 7-8 -ick. [ad. Gr. type *, f. : see SARCASM and -IC. Cf. F. sarcastique.]
Characterized by or involving sarcasm; given to the use of sarcasm; bitterly cutting or caustic.
1695 J. EDWARDS Author. O. & N. Test. III. 380 Sarcastick speeches, gibes, taunts. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 177 11 Their merriment bluntly sarcastick. 1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair xi, Mrs. Firkin..flung up her head and said, ‘I think Miss is very clever,’ with the most killing sarcastic air. 1862 CALVERLEY Verses & Transl. (1894) 43 Poising evermore the eye-glass In the light sarcastic eye. 1879 FROUDE Cæsar xxii. 385 He had spoken his thoughts with sarcastic freedom.
Hence sarcasticness.
1903 Times 30 Sept. 10/5 His habitual sarcasticness.
irony, n.
In early use often in Lat. form ironia. [ad. L. rna (Cicero), a. Gr. ‘dissimulation, ignorance purposely affected’. Cf. F. ironie (yronie, Oresme, 14th c.).]
1. A figure of speech in which the intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed by the words used; usually taking the form of sarcasm or ridicule in which laudatory expressions are used to imply condemnation or contempt.
1502 [see 3]. 1533 MORE Debell. Salem v. Wks. 939/1 When he calleth one self noughty lad, both a shreud boy & a good sonne, the tone in ye proper simple spech, the tother by the fygure of ironye or antiphrasis. 1540 COVERDALE Confut. Standish Wks. (Parker Soc.) II. 333 Now is ironia as much to say as a mockage, derision. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie III. xviii. (Arb.) 199 By the figure Ironia, which we call the drye mock. 1617 MORYSON Itin. I. 160 Your quip..that you were ashamed to write to mee for your rude stile. Very good, I finde the Irony. 1620 MIDDLETON & ROWLEY World Tost at Tennis 124 By his needle he understands ironia, That with one eye looks two ways at once. 1788 F. BURNEY Diary 13 Feb., He believed Irony the ablest weapon of oratory. 1828 WHATELY Rhet. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 265/1 Aristotle mentions..Eironeia, which in his time was commonly employed to signify, not according to the modern use of ‘Irony, saying the contrary to what is meant’, but, what later writers usually express by Litotes, i.e. ‘saying less than is meant’. 1837 MACAULAY Ess., Bacon (1887) 428 A drayman, in a passion, calls out, ‘You are a pretty fellow’, without suspecting that he is uttering irony. 1876 J. WEISS Wit, Hum, & Shaks. ii. 44 It is irony when Lowell, speaking of Dante's intimacy with the Scriptures, adds, ‘They do even a scholar no harm’.
b. with an and pl. An instance of this; an ironical utterance or expression.
1551 GARDINER Sacram. 22 He spake it by an Ironie or skorne. 1612-15 BP. HALL Contempl., O.T. XIX. iii, Ironies deny strongest in affirming. 1656 E. REYNER Rules Govt. Tongue 227 An Irony is a nipping jeast, or a speech that hath the honey of pleasantnesse in its mouth, and a sting of rebuke in its taile. 1706-7 Reflex. upon Ridicule 221 Subtil and delicate Ironies. 1738 WARBURTON Div. Legat. I. Ded. 9 A thorough Irony addressed to some hot Bigots. 1894 W. J. DAWSON Making of Manhood 29 Smart sneers and barbed ironies at the expense of every movement which seeks to meliorate the common lot.
2. fig. A condition of affairs or events of a character opposite to what was, or might naturally be, expected; a contradictory outcome of events as if in mockery of the promise and fitness of things. (In F. ironie du sort.)
1649 G. DANIEL Trinarch., Hen. V, cxcviii, Yet here: (and 'tis the Ironie of Warre Where Arrowes forme the Argument,) he best Acquitts himselfe, who doth a Horse præfer To his proud Rider. 1833 THIRLWALL in Philol. Museum II. 483 (title) On the Irony of Sophocles. Ibid. 493 The contrast between man with his hopes, fears, wishes, and undertakings, and a dark, inflexible fate, affords abundant room for the exhibition of tragic irony. 1860 W. COLLINS Wom. White III. xi. 413 The irony of circumstances holds no mortal catastrophe in respect. 1878 MORLEY Carlyle 194 With no eye for..the irony of their fate. 1884 Nonconf. & Indep. Lit. Suppl. 6 Nov. 1/1 The irony of time is wonderful. 1894 T. HARDY (title) Life's Little Ironies.
3. In etymological sense: Dissimulation, pretence; esp. in reference to the dissimulation of ignorance practised by Socrates as a means of confuting an adversary (Socratic irony).
1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) IV. xxii. 293 To say of hym selfe ony thynge of his feblenesses & necessytes, or of his synnes..to the end that a man be renowmed & reputed humble abiect & grete thynge in merytes & deuocyons before god..such synne is named yronye, not that the whiche is of grammare, by the whiche a man sayth one & gyueth to understande the contrarye. 1655 STANLEY Hist. Philos. III. (1701) 76/1 The whole confirmation of the Cause, even the whole Life seems to carry an Irony, such was the Life of Socrates, who was for that reason called ; that is, one that personates an unlearned Man, and is an admirer of others as Wise. 1848 H. ROGERS Ess. I. vi. 318 The irony of Socrates..may be not unfittingly expressed by saying, that it is a logical masked battery. 1860 EMERSON Cond. Life, Considerat. Wks. (Bohn) II. 416 Like Socrates, with his famous irony; like Bacon, with life-long dissimulation.
Oops, FAR off-topic. I think this would work well in Ben's old language thread though.
Good point Bobby!